Figurines with computers and smartphones are seen in front of the words “Cyber Security” in this illustration taken, Feb. 19, 2024. Photo: REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration

Britain, the United States, and the Netherlands on Tuesday issued a joint cybersecurity advisory detailing spyware they say is used by Iranian state-linked actors to target dissidents, activists, and journalists.

Britain’s National Cyber Security Center said Iranian state-linked cyber actors had used a spyware family known as “CHOSEN BRICK” to steal emails, messages, and other sensitive information through “spear-phishing” campaigns on messaging platforms including WhatsApp and Telegram.

“The details of this cyber campaign reveal how Iran ruthlessly uses digital surveillance in pursuit of its aim to repress critics of the regime, stealing emails and messages and accessing devices,” Paul Chichester, NCSC director of operations, said in a statement.

Iran‘s embassy in London did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

The malware, according to the advisory, can collect information from contact lists, emails, and social media accounts, capture screen content, and access a device’s microphone. The NCSC said some victims’ personal details had later appeared on pro-Iranian leak sites. The FBI, in its own advisory, said Iran‘s Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) was using the malware to “collect intelligence, conduct data leaks, and inflict reputational harm against their intended targets.”

The FBI declined to share additional details on how many people have been targeted with the malware, or where they’re located.

The NCSC said the attackers often posed as trusted contacts on messaging apps and tailored their approach to individual targets. In some cases, it said, they used fake documents, including fabricated MRI test results, to persuade victims to download the malware.

The NCSC, alongside the FBI and the Netherlands’ AIVD intelligence service, said Iran “almost certainly” uses cyber operations to help suppress people it sees as threats.

The FBI’s advisory said it was an update to a March 2026 warning describing alleged MOIS efforts to use the malware to collect data on targets, which was then posted online by a hacking persona known as “Handala Hack.”

Handala has targeted multiple US companies and people since the start of the Iran war, including a destructive cyberattack against Michigan-based medical supplies and services supplier Stryker in March, and the leak of FBI Director Kash Patel’s personal emails later that month.

Handala did not respond to an emailed request for comment on Tuesday.